# Async Example/Tour

This shows how to use APSW in async node. `asyncio`, trio (note), and anyio (note) are supported. A different one is used for each block, although they all work.

Note

You don’t have to make all connections exclusively sync or async, and can mix and match as needed. SQLite is fast, and in many cases there may not be a benefit to concurrency with async.

    #!/usr/bin/env python3

    # This code uses Python's optional typing annotations.  You can
    # ignore them and do not need to use them.  If you do use them
    # then you must include this future annotations line first.
    from __future__ import annotations

    import contextlib
    import io
    import time
    import sys

    from pprint import pprint

    import apsw
    import apsw.aio
    import apsw.bestpractice
    import apsw.ext
    import apsw.fts5
    import apsw.shell

    # all the popular async frameworks are supported
    import asyncio
    import anyio
    import trio

## Basics

Use `Connection.as_async()` to get an async connection, and `async for` to iterate results. We also apply best practice and use `contextlib.aclosing()` to ensure the database is closed.

    apsw.bestpractice.apply(apsw.bestpractice.recommended)

    async def basics():
        db = await apsw.Connection.as_async(":memory:")

        # always close database
        async with contextlib.aclosing(db):
            # create some rows
            await db.execute("""
                CREATE TABLE numbers(value, name);
                INSERT INTO numbers VALUES (1, 'one'), (20, 'twenty'),
                             (3, 'three'), (10, 'ten');
            """)

            # query - note we have to await to get the cursor before
            # iterating in the for loop
            async for value, name in await db.execute(
                "SELECT value, name FROM numbers ORDER BY value DESC"
            ):
                print(f"{value=} {name=}")

            # .get is great if you expect only a single value or
            # row.  Lets get the number of registered functions
            count = await (
                await db.execute(
                    "SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT(name)) FROM pragma_function_list"
                )
            ).get
            print(f"There are {count} functions")

            # a pragma
            print(f"journal_mode={await db.pragma('journal_mode')}")

            # You should always use a transaction - use async with
            async with db:
                await db.execute("INSERT INTO numbers VALUES(7, 'seven')")
                # nested transactions are supported via savepoints
                async with db:
                    await db.execute("DROP TABLE numbers")
                    # any exception in the async with block
                    # will rollback that block, while successful
                    # completion commits the changes

    asyncio.run(basics())

    value=20 name='twenty'
    value=10 name='ten'
    value=3 name='three'
    value=1 name='one'
    There are 174 functions
    journal_mode=memory

## Functions and callbacks

Any function/callback can be sync or async.

    # an async scalar function
    async def a_add(one, two):
        print("async scalar called")
        return one + two

    # and a sync scalar function
    def s_add(one, two):
        print("sync scalar called")
        return one + two

    # how about an async update hook?
    async def my_hook(op: int, dbname: str, table: str, rowid: int):
        print(f"update {op=} {dbname=} {table=} {rowid=}")

    async def callbacks():
        db = await apsw.Connection.as_async(":memory:")

        # always close database
        async with contextlib.aclosing(db):
            await db.create_scalar_function("a_add", a_add)
            await db.create_scalar_function("s_add", s_add)

            # use them both in the same query.  we need to await execute
            # to get the cursor, and then await the fetchall on the
            # cursor.
            print(
                await (
                    await db.execute("SELECT a_add(1, 2), s_add(3, 4)")
                ).fetchall()
            )

            # A regular callback
            await db.set_update_hook(my_hook)

            await db.execute(
                "CREATE TABLE x(y); INSERT INTO x VALUES(42)"
            )

    # use anyio this time
    anyio.run(callbacks)

    async scalar called
    sync scalar called
    [(3, 7)]
    update op=18 dbname='main' table='x' rowid=1

## Cancellation

Often a group of tasks are run at the same time. The frameworks provide a way to group tasks, wait until all are complete, and if any fail, then cancel uncompleted ones, and raise the resulting exceptions.

See also

- except * and `ExceptionGroup` - Python syntax for catching multiple exceptions such as from a group of tasks

- `asyncio.TaskGroup`

- Trio tasks

- AnyIO tasks

This example shows asyncio, but the principles are the same across all the frameworks.

    async def cancellation():
        # this will block SQLite for the sleep duration
        async def sleep(duration):
            await asyncio.sleep(duration)
            return duration

        async def deliberate_error():
            1 / 0
            return 3

        db = await apsw.Connection.as_async(":memory:")

        # always close database
        async with contextlib.aclosing(db):
            await db.create_scalar_function("sleep", sleep)

            start = time.monotonic()

            # create some tasks in a task group that will all
            # run simultaneously
            try:
                async with asyncio.TaskGroup() as tg:
                    # this query will sleep for an hour
                    task1 = tg.create_task(
                        db.execute("SELECT sleep(3600)")
                    )
                    # this query will only run after the hour sleep query
                    # finishes because we can only do one SQLite query at
                    # a time
                    task2 = tg.create_task(
                        db.execute("SELECT * FROM sqlite_schema")
                    )
                    # this will also sleep for an hour
                    task3 = tg.create_task(asyncio.sleep(3600))
                    # this will have an error
                    task4 = tg.create_task(deliberate_error())

                    # the TaskGroup with block will now run all the tasks
                    # to completion before exiting the block

            # note the * after except which is how you do exception groups
            except* ZeroDivisionError:
                print(
                    f"got zero division error after {time.monotonic() - start:.6f} seconds"
                )

            # Lets see what happened to all the tasks.  Note how they are
            # all done (complete) and how all except the deliberate error
            # got cancelled.
            print(f"{task1.done()=} {task1.cancelled()=}")
            print(f"{task2.done()=} {task2.cancelled()=}")
            print(f"{task3.done()=} {task3.cancelled()=}")
            print(f"{task4.done()=} {task4.cancelled()=}")

            # Lets verify SQLite is not still waiting for an hour
            start = time.monotonic()
            functions = await (
                await db.execute(
                    "SELECT COUNT(*) FROM pragma_function_list"
                )
            ).get
            print(
                f"After {time.monotonic() - start:.6f} seconds, "
                f"there are {functions} registered SQLite functions"
            )

    asyncio.run(cancellation())

    got zero division error after 0.000096 seconds
    task1.done()=True task1.cancelled()=True
    task2.done()=True task2.cancelled()=True
    task3.done()=True task3.cancelled()=True
    task4.done()=True task4.cancelled()=False
    After 0.000255 seconds, there are 212 registered SQLite functions

## Timeouts

This demonstrates timeouts for both async and sync code. The sync SQL is the outlandish fractal but with the `28` changed to `800_000`` and would take days to run to completion.

The deadline for async functions is enforced by the async event loop and tends to be accurate. The deadline for sync functions is based on SQLite periodically calling the `progress handler`.

There is a dedicated `apsw.aio.deadline` which takes priority for all frameworks, For trio (note) and anyio (note) their native timeouts are also supported if `apsw.aio.deadline` has not been set. The `deadline` documentation has more details on setting deadlines for each framework, getting their current time, and exceptions raised on timeout.

See also

- `asyncio.get_running_loop().time()`

- `TimeoutError`

- `trio.TooSlowError`

- `trio.current_time()`

- `trio.current_effective_deadline()`

- `trio.fail_after()` `trio.fail_at()`

- `anyio.current_time()`

- `anyio.current_effective_deadline()`

- `anyio.fail_after()`

    # The query is not reproduced here but is used when running this
    # example.
    fractal_sql = "outlandish fractal"

    async def timeouts():
        async def sleep(amount):
            await trio.sleep(amount)
            return 42

        db = await apsw.Connection.as_async(":memory:")

        # always close database
        async with contextlib.aclosing(db):
            await db.create_scalar_function("sleep", sleep)

            try:
                # This will work with every framework.  Half a second from now.
                with apsw.aio.contextvar_set(
                    apsw.aio.deadline, trio.current_time() + 0.5
                ):
                    start = trio.current_time()
                    await (
                        await db.execute("SELECT sleep(3600)")
                    ).fetchall()
            except trio.TooSlowError:
                end = trio.current_time()
                print(
                    f"Got async function TooSlowError after {end - start:.6f} seconds"
                )

            # With trio and anyio we can use the native framework timeouts
            try:
                with trio.fail_after(0.5):
                    await (await db.execute(fractal_sql)).fetchall()
            except trio.TooSlowError:
                end = trio.current_time()
                print(
                    f"Got sync function TooSlowError after {end - start:.6f} seconds"
                )

    trio.run(timeouts)

    Got async function TooSlowError after 0.501280 seconds
    Got sync function TooSlowError after 1.001975 seconds

## Worker thread

Async connections work by running the SQLite operations in a dedicated background thread. You can also run your own code there which is especially useful if it does many calls before returning a final result. Use `Connection.async_run()`.

Examples shown include Managing and updating your schema and getting a text dump.

In the worker thread, the connection is a regular sync connection.

    def schema_upgrade(db: apsw.Connection):
        # The user_version is a great way of tracking and upgrading the
        # schema.  Because this is run in the worker thread it is the
        # normal sync approach.

        # Do everything in a single transactions
        with db:
            # database fresh state
            if db.pragma("user_version") == 0:
                db.execute("""
                    CREATE TABLE products(id, name, sku, price);
                    CREATE TABLE orders(id, product_id, quantity);
                    pragma user_version = 1;
                """)
            if db.pragma("user_version") == 1:
                db.execute("""
                    ALTER TABLE products ADD COLUMN description;
                    CREATE INDEX orders_idx ON orders(id, product_id);
                    pragma user_version = 2;
                """)
            # we could exception here if user_version > 2 because it means
            # a more recent schema is present than this code understands.
            # Perhaps a version downgrade happened?

    async def worker_thread():
        db = await apsw.Connection.as_async(":memory:")

        # always close database
        async with contextlib.aclosing(db):
            # Do the upgrade
            await db.async_run(schema_upgrade, db)

            # This is doing one operation
            await db.async_run(
                db.execute,
                "INSERT INTO products(id, name) VALUES(?,?)",
                (37, "Banana"),
            )

            # Getting a result
            rows = await db.async_run(
                lambda: db.execute("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM products").get
            )
            print(f"{rows=}")

            # get a dump - to a memory file here, but you'd want to use
            # a real file
            out = io.StringIO()
            await db.async_run(
                lambda: apsw.shell.Shell(
                    db=db, stdout=out
                ).process_command(".dump")
            )
            dump = out.getvalue()
            print(f"Dump is {len(dump)} chars starting {repr(dump):.40}")

            # Some stuff from apsw.ext
            usage = await db.async_run(apsw.ext.analyze_pages, db, 2)
            details = await db.async_run(
                apsw.ext.query_info, db, "SELECT * FROM sqlite_schema"
            )

    anyio.run(worker_thread)

    rows=1
    Dump is 747 chars starting "-- SQLite dump (by APSW 3.52.0.0)\n-- S

## Virtual tables

Virtual tables are a very good match for async, especially if networking is involved. You can do your own `full implementation` using sync and async methods as needed, but will find it easier to start with `apsw.ext.make_virtual_module()` that turns any Python function (sync or async) in a virtual table accepting positional and keyword arguments. The sync example is here with the async below being pretty much the same thing.

    async def data_table(flags, server="example.com"):
        # one positional and one keyword argument.  note you can't change
        # the number of columns or their order based on the arguments but
        # you can change what rows are returned and their contents
        print(f"data_table called with {flags=} and {server=}")

        # you would do real work here - we just provide some books
        yield ("The Great Gatsby", 1925, 9.2)
        yield ("To Kill a Mockingbird", 1960, 9.5)
        yield ("1984", 1949, 9.8)
        yield ("The Catcher in the Rye", 1951, 8.4)
        yield ("The Hobbit", 1937, 9.6)

    # Tell make_virtual_module about the columns
    data_table.columns = ("title", "year", "review")
    # ... and how to extract them from each row
    data_table.column_access = apsw.ext.VTColumnAccess.By_Index

    async def virtual_tables():
        db = await apsw.Connection.as_async(":memory:")

        # always close database
        async with contextlib.aclosing(db):
            await apsw.ext.make_virtual_module(db, "books", data_table)

            # regular query
            async for row in await db.execute(
                "SELECT * FROM books WHERE flags=94 AND server=?",
                ("example2.com",),
            ):
                print(row)

            # SQLite will figure out the review and order work
            async for row in await db.execute(
                "SELECT * FROM books WHERE server=? AND flags=?AND review > 9.55 "
                "   ORDER BY year DESC",
                ("orange", -2),
            ):
                print(row)

    trio.run(virtual_tables)

    data_table called with flags=94 and server='example2.com'
    ('The Great Gatsby', 1925, 9.2)
    ('To Kill a Mockingbird', 1960, 9.5)
    ('1984', 1949, 9.8)
    ('The Catcher in the Rye', 1951, 8.4)
    ('The Hobbit', 1937, 9.6)
    data_table called with flags=-2 and server='orange'
    ('1984', 1949, 9.8)
    ('The Hobbit', 1937, 9.6)

## Tracing in a block

This is the same as sync tracing in a block adapted to use `async with` for `apsw.ext.Trace` and transaction control.

    async def tracing():
        db = await apsw.Connection.as_async(":memory:")

        # always close database
        async with contextlib.aclosing(db):
            # Use None instead of stdout and no information is printed or gathered
            async with apsw.ext.Trace(
                sys.stdout,
                db=db,
                vtable=True,
                updates=True,
                transaction=True,
            ):
                # APSW does a savepoint behind the scenes to wrap the block
                async with db:
                    # Some regular SQL
                    await db.execute("create table multi(x)")
                    # executemany runs the same statement repeatedly
                    await db.executemany(
                        "insert into multi values(?)",
                        ((x,) for x in range(5)),
                    )
                    # See how many rows were processed
                    await (
                        await db.execute("select * from multi limit 2")
                    ).fetchall()
                    # You can also see how many rows were changed
                    await db.execute("delete from multi where x < 4")

                # pragma functions are virtual tables - see how many rows this processes even
                # though only one has 'pow'
                await (
                    await db.execute(
                        "SELECT narg FROM pragma_function_list WHERE name='pow'"
                    )
                ).get

                # trigger that causes rollback
                await db.execute("""
                    create trigger error after insert on multi
                    begin
                    update multi set rowid=100+new.rowid where rowid=new.rowid;
                    select raise(rollback, 'nope');
                end;
                """)

                with contextlib.suppress(apsw.ConstraintError):
                    await db.execute("insert into multi values(54)")

    asyncio.run(tracing())

    > BEGIN DEFERRED
        Time: 0.000
     !BEGIN
    > create table multi(x)
        Time: 0.000
    > insert into multi values(?)
      INS 1 (0)
        Time: 0.000  Changes: 1
    > insert into multi values(?)
      INS 2 (1)
        Time: 0.000  Changes: 1
    > insert into multi values(?)
      INS 3 (2)
        Time: 0.000  Changes: 1
    > insert into multi values(?)
      INS 4 (3)
        Time: 0.000  Changes: 1
    > insert into multi values(?)
      INS 5 (4)
        Time: 0.000  Changes: 1
    > select * from multi limit 2
        Time: 0.000  Rows: 3
    > delete from multi where x < 4
      DEL 1 (0)
      DEL 2 (1)
      DEL 3 (2)
      DEL 4 (3)
        Time: 0.000  Changes: 4
    > COMMIT
     !COMMIT
        Time: 0.000
    > SELECT narg FROM pragma_function_list WHERE name='pow'
    V PRAGMA function_list
        Time: 0.000  Rows: 211  VmStep: 1,481  Mem: 76.8KB
    < SELECT narg FROM pragma_function_list WHERE name='pow'
        Time: 0.000  Rows: 1  VmStep: 644
     !BEGIN
    > create trigger error after insert on multi
                   begin
             ...
     !COMMIT
        Time: 0.000
     !BEGIN
    > insert into multi values(54)
      INS 6 (54)
    T TRIGGER error
        UPD 6>106 (...)
     !ROLLBACK
    < insert into multi values(54)
        Time: 0.001  Changes: 1

## Resource usage in a block

The async equivalent of the sync example.

    # The standard outlandish fractal example which is used when running
    # but not reproduced here.
    query = "fractal"

    async def resource_usage():
        db = await apsw.Connection.as_async(":memory:")

        # always close database
        async with contextlib.aclosing(db):
            print("thread (async event loop)")

            async with apsw.ext.ShowResourceUsage(
                sys.stdout, db=db, scope="thread"
            ):
                # some SQLite work
                await (await db.execute(query)).get

                # and take some wall clock time
                await trio.sleep(0.5)

            print("\nprocess (including background SQLite worker)")

            async with apsw.ext.ShowResourceUsage(
                sys.stdout, db=db, scope="process"
            ):
                # some SQLite work
                await (await db.execute(query)).get

                # and take some wall clock time
                await trio.sleep(0.5)

    trio.run(resource_usage)

    thread (async event loop)
                         Process CPU consumption 0.016
                                      Wall clock 0.517
                      Voluntary context switches 4
                          SQLite full table scan 1,365
                          SQLite sort operations 2
                            SQLite vm operations 1,015,353
                     SQLite statements completed 1
                     SQLite lookaside slots used 11
              SQLite allocations using lookaside 17,414
        SQLite allocations too big for lookaside 1
               SQLite allocations lookaside full 282
                         SQLite statement memory 17,080

    process (including background SQLite worker)
                         Process CPU consumption 0.015
                                      Wall clock 0.516
                            Page faults - no I/O 3
                    Involuntary context switches 63
                      Voluntary context switches 8
                           CPU time in user mode 0.015
                          SQLite full table scan 1,365
                          SQLite sort operations 2
                            SQLite vm operations 1,015,353
                     SQLite statements completed 1
              SQLite allocations using lookaside 17,272

## Blob

Async Blob Input/Output run in the SQLite worker thread. See the sync example which this is a direct translation to async.

    async def blob():
        db = await apsw.Connection.as_async(":memory:")

        # always close database
        async with contextlib.aclosing(db):
            await db.execute("create table blobby(x,y)")
            # Add a blob we will fill in later
            await db.execute(
                "insert into blobby values(1, zeroblob(10000))"
            )
            # Or as a binding
            await db.execute(
                "insert into blobby values(2, ?)", (apsw.zeroblob(20000),)
            )
            # Open a blob for writing.  We need to know the rowid
            rowid = await (
                await db.execute("select ROWID from blobby where x=1")
            ).get
            blob = await db.blob_open("main", "blobby", "y", rowid, True)
            await blob.write(b"hello world")
            # seeking is immediate (no await)
            blob.seek(2000)
            await blob.read(24)
            # seek relative to the end
            blob.seek(-32, 2)
            await blob.write(b"hello world, again")
            # it will be automatically closed when the connection is
            # closed, but explicitly closing chooses transaction
            # boundaries
            await blob.aclose()

    anyio.run(blob)

## Backup

Backups run in the SQLite worker thread of the async destination database. The source can be a sync or async database. You do backups by getting the backup object from the destination database telling it about the source using `Connection.backup()`,

If the destination is sync and you are working with an async source, you can run the backup in the async source thread as demonstrated below.

    async def backup():
        # Setup source and destinations

        async_source = await apsw.Connection.as_async("")
        # ... and fill it with a large amount of data
        await async_source.execute(
            "CREATE TABLE x(y); INSERT INTO x VALUES(randomblob(250000))"
        )
        sync_source = apsw.Connection("")
        sync_source.execute(
            "CREATE TABLE x(y); INSERT INTO x VALUES(randomblob(250000))"
        )

        async_dest = await apsw.Connection.as_async("")
        sync_dest = apsw.Connection("")

        print("async destination, async source")
        async with await async_dest.backup(
            "main", async_source, "main"
        ) as backup:
            while not backup.done:
                await backup.step(42)
                print(
                    f"page_count = {backup.page_count} remaining = {backup.remaining}"
                )

        print("async destination, sync source")
        async with await async_dest.backup(
            "main", sync_source, "main"
        ) as backup:
            while not backup.done:
                await backup.step(42)
                print(
                    f"page_count = {backup.page_count} remaining = {backup.remaining}"
                )

        print("sync destination, async source")

        # we will run this in the async source thread
        def do_backup():
            with sync_dest.backup("main", async_source, "main") as backup:
                while not backup.done:
                    backup.step(42)
                    print(
                        f"page_count = {backup.page_count} remaining = {backup.remaining}"
                    )

        await async_source.async_run(do_backup)

        # ensure connections get closed
        await async_source.aclose()
        await async_dest.aclose()

    asyncio.run(backup())

    async destination, async source
    page_count = 63 remaining = 21
    page_count = 63 remaining = 0
    async destination, sync source
    page_count = 63 remaining = 21
    page_count = 63 remaining = 0
    sync destination, async source
    page_count = 63 remaining = 21
    page_count = 63 remaining = 0

## Full Text Search

`Table` accesses the database for virtually all methods and attributes, so using the worker thread is needed. A subset of the Full Text Search Example/Tour is shown.

    async def fts():
        db = await apsw.Connection.as_async("recipes.db")

        # always close database
        async with contextlib.aclosing(db):
            if not await db.table_exists("main", "search"):
                search_table: apsw.fts5.Table = await db.async_run(
                    apsw.fts5.Table.create,
                    db,
                    "search",
                    content="recipes",
                    columns=None,
                    generate_triggers=True,
                    tokenize=[
                        "simplify",
                        "casefold",
                        "true",
                        "strip",
                        "true",
                        "strip",
                        "true",
                        "unicodewords",
                    ],
                )
            else:
                search_table: apsw.fts5.Table = await db.async_run(
                    apsw.fts5.Table, db, "search"
                )

            # property access
            print(
                "row_count =",
                await db.async_run(getattr, search_table, "row_count"),
            )

            # we need to do search processing in the worker thread
            def search_processing(query: str, limit: int):
                matches = []
                for match in search_table.search(query):
                    matches.append(match)
                    if len(matches) >= limit:
                        break
                return matches

            for match in await db.async_run(
                search_processing, "lemon OR guava", 10
            ):
                pprint(match)
                break

            print(
                "First match name is",
                await db.async_run(
                    search_table.row_by_id, match.rowid, "name"
                ),
            )

            # query suggestion
            query = "nyme:(minced OR oyl NOT peenut)"
            print(
                query,
                "=>",
                await db.async_run(search_table.query_suggest, query),
            )

    asyncio.run(fts())

    row_count = 173278
    MatchInfo(query_info=QueryInfo(phrases=(('lemon',), ('guava',))),
              rowid=1642796043941632884,
              column_size=[3, 24, 5],
              phrase_columns=[[1], [0, 2]])
    First match name is P.L's Guava Jelly
    nyme:(minced OR oyl NOT peenut) => name: (minced OR oil NOT peanut)

## Session

Use `apsw.aio.make_session()` to create the `Session` object in async mode from an async connection.

    async def session_example():
        db = await apsw.Connection.as_async(":memory:")

        # always close database
        async with contextlib.aclosing(db):
            await db.execute("CREATE TABLE x(y PRIMARY KEY, z)")

            session = await apsw.aio.make_session(db, "main")

            # We'd like size estimates
            session.config(apsw.SQLITE_SESSION_OBJCONFIG_SIZE, True)

            # all tables
            await session.attach()

            # add some data
            await db.executemany(
                "INSERT INTO x VALUES(?,?)",
                ((i, "a" * i) for i in range(200)),
            )

            print("Size estimate {session.changeset_size}")
            changeset = await session.changeset()
            print(f"Actual size {len(changeset)}")

            # Other than apply, changeset operations don't use a
            # Connection so we'll use trio's mechanism to do invert in a
            # background thread.
            undo = await trio.to_thread.run_sync(
                apsw.Changeset.invert, changeset
            )

            #  Undo the changes
            await apsw.Changeset.apply(undo, db)

    trio.run(session_example)